Alexis' Online Journal

I agree with the statement that religion Brian whashes for example like in Aldin princ3se Jasmin she was forced to marry some random guy that she do sent like because in her religion and it Brian washed her an til she met aldin

Casca and Cicero meet on a Roman street. Casca says that though he has seen many terrible things in the natural world, nothing compares to the frightfulness of this night’s weather. He wonders if there is strife in heaven or if the gods are so angered by mankind that they intend to destroy it. Casca relates that he saw a man with his hands on fire, and yet his flesh was not burning. He describes meeting a lion near the Capitol: bizarrely, the lion ignored him and walked on. Many others have seen men on fire walking in the streets, and an owl, a nocturnal bird, was seen sitting out in the marketplace during the day. When so many abnormal events happen at once, Casca declares, no one could possibly believe that they are natural occurrences. Casca insists that they are portents of danger ahead. Cicero replies that men will interpret things as they will: “Indeed it is a strange-disposèd time; / But men may construe things after their fashion, / Clean from the purpose of the things themselves” Cicero asks if Caesar is coming to the Capitol the next day; Casca replies that he is. Cicero departs, warning that it is not a good atmosphere in which to remain outside.

Because we first hear of Macbeth in the wounded captain’s account of his battlefield valor, our initial impression is of a brave and capable warrior. This perspective is complicated, however, once we see Macbeth interact with the three witches. We realize that his physical courage is joined by a consuming ambition and a tendency to self-doubt—the prediction that he will be king brings him joy, but it also creates inner turmoil. These three attributes—bravery, ambition, and self-doubt—struggle for mastery of Macbeth throughout the play. Shakespeare uses Macbeth to show the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can have on a man who lacks strength of character. We may classify Macbeth as irrevocably evil, but his weak character separates him from Shakespeare’s great villains—Iago hello,Richard III in Richard III, Edmund in King Learwho are all strong enough to conquer guilt and self-doubt. Macbeth, great warrior though he is, is ill equipped for the psychic consequences of crime.Before he kills Duncan, Macbeth is plagued by worry and almost aborts the crime. It takes Lady Macbeth’s steely sense of purpose to push him into the deed. After the murder, however, her powerful personality begins to disintegrate, leaving Macbeth increasingly alone. He fluctuates between fits of fevered action, in which he plots a series of murders to secure his throne, and moments of terrible guilt (as when Banquo’s ghost appears) and absolute pessimism (after his wife’s death, when he seems to succumb to despair). These fluctuations reflect the tragic tension within Macbeth: he is at once too ambitious to allow his conscience to stop him from murdering his way to the top and too conscientious to be happy with himself as a murderer. As things fall apart for him at the end of the play, he seems almost relieved—with the English army at his gates, he can finally return to life as a warrior, and he displays a kind of reckless bravado as his enemies surround him and drag him down. In part, this stems from his fatal confidence in the witches’ prophecies, but it also seems to derive from the fact that he has returned to the arena where he has been most successful and where his internal turmoil need not affect him—namely, the battlefield. Unlike many of Shakespeare’s other tragic heroes, Macbeth never seems to contemplate suicide. Instead, he goes down fighting, bringing the play full circle: it begins with Macbeth winning on the battlefield and ends with him dying in combat.

Act 5, Scene 1
At the Scottish royal home of Dunsinane, a gentlewoman has summoned a doctor to observe Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking. The doctor reports that he has watched her for two nights now and has yet to see anything strange. The gentlewoman describes how she has seen Lady Macbeth rise, dress, leave her room, write something on a piece of paper, read it, seal it, and return to bed—all without waking up. The gentlewoman dares not repeat what Lady Macbeth says while thus sleepwalking.

The two are interrupted by a sleepwalking Lady Macbeth, who enters carrying a candle. The gentlewoman reports that Lady Macbeth asks to have a light by her all night. The doctor and the gentlewoman watch as Lady Macbeth rubs her hands as if washing them and says ” Yet here’s a spot. . . Out, damned spot; out I say” (27-30). As she continues to “wash” her hands, her words betray her guilt to the two onlookers. Lady Macbeth seems to be reliving the events on the night of Duncan’s death. She cannot get the stain or smell of blood off her hand: “What, will these hands ne’er be clean. . . All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand” (37-43). As the sleepwalking Lady Mabeth imagines she hears knocking at the gate and returns to her chamber, the doctor concludes that Lady Macbeth needs a priest’s help and not a physician’s. He takes his leave, asserting that he and the gentlewoman had better not reveal what they have seen or heard.
Act 5, Scene 2
The thanes Menteith, Caithness, Angus, and Lennox march with a company of soldiers toward Birnam Wood, where they will join Malcolm and the English army. They claim that they will “purge” the country of Macbeth’s sickening influence (28).

Act 5, Scene 3
At Dunsinane, Macbeth tires of hearing reports of nobles who have defected to join the English forces. He feels consoled, however, by the witches’ prophesy that he has nothing to fear until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, or until he counters a man not born of woman. Since both of the events seem impossible, Macbeth feels invincible.

A servant enters with the news that the enemy has rallied a thousand men but Macbeth sends him away, scolding him for cowardice. After calling for his servant Seyton to help him put on his armor, Macbeth demands the doctor’s prognosis about Lady Macbeth. The doctor replies that she is “not so sick” but troubled with visions (39). In some way or other, she must cure herself of these visions—an answer that displeases Macbeth. As attendants put on his armor, he declares that he would applaud the doctor if he could analyze the country’s urine and therein derive a medicine for Lady Macbeth. Abruptly, Macbeth leaves the room, professing once again that he will not fear “death and bane” until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane (61). Aside, the doctor confesses that he would like to be as far away from Dunsinane as possible.

Act 5, Scene 4

Malcolm, Siward, Young Siward, Macduff, Mentieth, Caithness, and Angus march toward Birnam Wood. As they approach the forest, Malcolm instructs the soldiers to cut off branches and hold them up in order to disguise their numbers. Siward informs Malcolm that Macbeth confidently holds Dunsinane, waiting for their arrival. Malcolm comments that almost all of Macbeth’s men have deserted him. The army marches on.

Act 5, Scene 5
Macbeth orders his men to hang his banners on the outer walls of the castle, claiming that it will hold until the attackers die of famine. If only the other side were not reinforced with men who deserted him, he claims, he would not think twice about rushing out to meet the English army head-on. Upon hearing the cry of a woman within, Macbeth comments that he has almost forgotten the taste of fears. Seyton returns and announces the death of Lady Macbeth. Seemingly unfazed, Macbeth comments that she should have died later, at a more appropriate time. He stops to muse on the meaning of life:

Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. (23-27)

A messenger enters and reports that he has seen something unbelievable: as he looked out toward Birnam Wood, it appeared that the forest began to move toward the castle. Macbeth is stunned and begins to fear that the witch’s words may come true after all. He instructs his men to ring the alarm.

Act 5, Scene 6
Malcolm tells his soldiers that they are near enough to the castle now to throw down the branches they carry. He announces that Siward and Young Siward will lead the first battle. He and Macduff will follow behind. The trumpeters sound a charge.

Act 5, Scene 7
Macbeth waits on the battlefield to defend his castle. He feels like a bear that has been tied to a stake for dogs to attack. Young Siward enters and demands his name. Macbeth responds that he will be afraid to hear it. Macbeth kills Young Siward in the ensuing duel, commenting that Young Siward must have been “born of woman” (12).

Act 5, Scene 8
Macduff enters alone and shouts a challenge to Macbeth, swearing to avenge the death of his wife and children. As he exist, he asks Fortune to help him find Macbeth.

Act 5, Scene 9
Malcolm and Siward enter and charge the castle.

Act 5, Scene 10
Macbeth enters, asserting that he should not “play the Roman fool” and commit suicide (2). Macduff finds him and challenges him. Macbeth replies that he has thus far avoided Macduff but that he is now ready to fight. As they fight, Macbeth tells him that he “bears a charmed life”: he will only fall to a man who is not born of woman (12). Macduff replies that the time has come for Macbeth to despair: “let the angel whom thou still hast served / Tell thee Macduff was from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped”—Macduff was born through the equivalent of a caesarian section (13-16). Hearing this, Macbeth quails and says that he will not fight. Macduff replies by commanding him to yield and become the laughing stock of Scotland under Malcolm’s rule. This enrages Macbeth, who swears he will never yield to swear allegiance to Malcolm. They fight on and thus exit.

Act 5, Scene 11
Malcolm, Siward, and the other thanes enter. Although they have won the battle, Malcolm notes that Macduff and Young Siward are missing. Ross reports that Young Siward is dead and eulogizes him by stating that “he only lived but till he was a man, / The which no sooner had his prowess confirmed / In the unshrinking station where he fought, / But like a man he died” (6-9). After confirming that his son’s wounds were on his front—in other words, that the Young Siward died bravely in battle—Siward declares that he not wish for a better death for his son.

Macduff enters, carrying Macbeth’s severed head and shouting “Hail, King of Scotland!” The men echo this shout and the trumpets flourish as Malcolm accepts the kingship. Malcolm announces that he will rename the current thanes as earls. He will call back all the men whom Macbeth has exiled and will attempt to heal the scarred country. All exit towards Scone, where Malcolm will be crowned as King of Scotland.

Analysis

Until Act 5, Macbeth has been tormented with visions and nightmares while Lady Macbeth has derided him for his weakness. Now the audience witnesses the way in which the murders have also preyed on Lady Macbeth. In her sleepwalking, Lady Macbeth plays out the theme of washing and cleansing that runs throughout the play. After killing Duncan, she flippantly tells Macbeth that “a little water clears us of this deed” (II ii 65). But the deed now returns to haunt Lady Macbeth in her sleep. Lady Macbeth’s stained hands are reminiscent of the biblical mark of Cain—the mark that God placed on Cain for murdering his brother Abel (Genesis 4:15). But Cain’s mark is a sign from God that protects Cain from the revenge of others. Lady Macbeth’s mark does not protect her from death, as she dies only a few scenes later.

The doctor’s behavior in Act 5 Scene 3 resembles that of a psychoanalyst. Like a Freudian psychoanalyst, the doctor observes Lady Macbeth’s dreams and uses her words to infer the cause of her distress. Lady Macbeth’s language in this scene betrays her troubled mind in many ways. Her speech in previous acts has been eloquent and smooth. In Act 1 Scene 4, for example, she declares to Duncan:

.Summary: Act 4, scene 3. Outside King Edward’s palace, Malcolm speaks with Macduff, telling him that he does not trust him since he has left his family in Scotland and may be secretly working for Macbeth.

.Summary. At Fife, in Macduff’s castle, Lady Macduff is lamenting to Ross that her husband has run away, which, sure makes him look suspicious.

.The witches complete their magic spell and summon forth a series of apparitions. The first is an armed head that warns Macbeth to beware the Thane of Fife Macduff. The second apparition is a bloody child, who tells him that “none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth

this is shown in act 1 scene 3 the evidence is on line 50 is says First Witch All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis! 50
Second Witch All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!
Third Witch All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter!

that’s why i think the witches control his fiat because all of it happened the witches were prophecies to elaborate on my point they said it’s like hes already is king and thane of cawdor etc. and he got so happy so i think macbeth is not in control of his fiat and the old thane of cawdor died because of cawdor and as he quoted yes im thane of cawdor

Energy efficiency by reducing heat transfer [Print] Print page
Reducing heat transfer is one way of improving energy efficiency. Sometimes we want to keep things cool. In summer we use air conditioners to keep our homes and offices cool and comfortable. Electrical energy is saved if heat entering our rooms is minimized by good insulation. Similarly, energy is also saved when refrigerator walls are well-insulated. In winter, we wear thick clothes to keep ourselves warm. Heat loss from our body to the environment is reduced by our clothing. Vacuum flasks and thermal cookers also reduce heat loss to keep their contents hot.

Fig. 1 We use a thermal cup to keep drinks hot. Fig. 2 A thermal cooker is effectively a large thermal cup.
In the processes we mentioned above, notice that energy flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. The flow of energy resulting from a difference in temperature between two objects (or two regions) is called heat. There is continuous heat transfer from the hotter object to the colder object (or regions) until the two objects reach the same final temperature.

Fig. 3 (a) Two bodies A and B are of different temperatures, the temperature of A is higher than that of B. (b) When they are in contact, heat is transferred from A to B. (c) Heat transfer will stop when both A and B reach the final temperature.
In order to reduce heat transfer, we must first understand the processes of heat transfer and the factors that affect its rate. There are three main processes of heat transfer, conduction, convection and radiation. We will describe these processes below and see how heat loss can be minimized in daily applications.

Conduction

When you put a steel pot above a stove, the inside of the pot and the food gets hot. Heat is transferred through the metal bottom of the pot to the inside. This is an example of heat transfer by conduction.

When a hot object is in contact with a cold object, or there is a temperature difference between different regions of an object, heat will transfer from the hot side to the cold side through conduction.

Fig. 4 As the heated particles collide with their neighbours, energy is transferred from the hot side to the cold side of the object by conduction.
Conduction is related to the movement of particles inside matter. The particles (these may be atoms, molecules or ions) in matter are kept in constant random motion by the energy they possess. Temperature is an indication of the average kinetic energy of this random motion. The higher the temperature, the higher the average kinetic energy. For example, the particles on the hotter side of an object vibrate more rapidly than those on the colder side. As a rapidly vibrating particle collides with its less rapidly vibrating neighbour, part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the neighbouring particle. Through the continuous collisions of these neighbouring particles, energy is transferred from the hotter side of an object to the colder side. This is the microscopic explanation of conduction.

Solids conduct heat better than liquids, which are in turn better conductors than gases. The particles in a solid are most tightly bond and their positions are more or less fixed relative to each other (Fig.5a). The force between adjacent particles is strong, making heat transfer by collision the most efficient. The particles in liquid can move around within it, which means that the force between particles is not as strong (Fig.5b). Thus liquids are usually poor conductors of heat. In a gas, the particles are far apart, making energy transfer by collision very inefficient (Fig.5c). Thus gases, like air, are very poor conductors of heat.

Fig. 5 (a) In a solid, particles are fixed relative to each other. (b) In a liquid, particles are free to move. (c) In a gas, particles are far apart and moving at high speeds.
The speed of heat transfer by conduction is different for different materials. Metals like copper and aluminium are good conductors of heat because they contain many free electrons. The free electrons are not bond to particular metal atoms but can move freely around them. Free electrons are effective in transferring heat by collision. Non-metals like glass, wood and polystyrene are usually poor conductors of heat (good insulators) because they transfer energy through the collision of atoms or molecules, not through the collision of free electrons.

Fig. 6 The ability of some common materials to conduct heat

Convection

When enjoying a hotpot meal, have you ever noticed that the food keeps moving up and down in the water even when the water is not boiling? This shows that there is bulk movement of water when it is being heated. The rising of smoke above a burning candle is also due to the bulk movement of heated air. This bulk movement is known as convection. It is an effective means of heat transfer.

Convection is the process of heat transfer by the bulk movement of a fluid, i.e., liquids or gases.

Fig. 7 When a liquid is heated from below, there is bulk movement of the liquid, forming a convection current.
Convection cannot occur in a solid because the position of particles in solids are fixed relative to each other.

When convection occurs, the part of the fluid near the heat source gets hot, the density of the hot fluid decreases and this part rises above the rest of the body of fluid. Colder fluid nearby comes to take the original place of the hot fluid, forming a convection current as shown in Fig. 7.

Heat convection Watch videoWatch videoDownload video: 12.7mb
Domestic heaters are usually placed near the ground. This facilitates the rising of warmed air and sets up a convection current that circulates around the whole room. On the other hand, air conditioners are usually placed near the ceiling. This facilitates the downward flow of cooled air to set up a convection current.

Fig. 8 Air conditioners are usually placed near the ceiling. Fig. 9 Domestic heaters are usually placed on the floor.
Wind can be produced by air convection. Coastal wind, for example, is caused by convection due to the temperature difference between the air above the sea and the land.

Radiation

Fig. 10 We receive great amount of radiation energy from the sun.

Fig. 11 In an electromagnetic wave, the oscillating electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.
Do you ever wonder how the sun’s energy reaches the Earth? The space between the sun and the Earth is a vacuum. So the sun’s energy cannot be transferred to the Earth by either conduction or convection because both processes require need matter as a medium. The sun’s energy is actually transferred to the Earth through a process called radiation.

Radiation is the process of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves are oscillatory electric and magnetic fields which can travel in a vacuum. The sun emits many different kinds of electromagnetic radiation. Visible light is only part of it. Radiation carries energy from the sun to the Earth.

Hot objects give out energy through radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves. Warm objects like the human body mainly radiate infrared radiation. This is why infrared sensitive cameras can “see” people clearly even in the dark.

The appearance of the surface of an object determines the rate of emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves for that object. Black or dark-coloured objects emit and absorb electromagnetic waves at higher rates than shiny, white or light-coloured objects

Fig. 12 The space shuttle and the space suit of the astronaut are white. Photo courtesy: NASA/JPL Fig. 13 The surface of this airship is shiny.
The Earth also loses energy to space by emitting infrared radiation. The atmosphere contains small percentages of gases called greenhouse gases like water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane etc. that absorb part of this radiation and reduce the rate of heat loss, helping to warm the Earth. This is called the greenhouse effect. Although most greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, scientists believe that human activities are increasing the levels of these gases. For example, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Nitrous oxide and methane level are also increasing due to agricultural, industrial and other activities.

An increase of about 0.5 oC has been observed in the average global temperature since the late 19th century. The melting of glaciers and the decrease of snow cover in the northern hemisphere seem to confirm this global warming phenomenon.

Scientists generally agree that the rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are contributing to the observed global warming phenomenon. Watch the animation below to learn more:

Flash animation: Radiation energy transfer from sun to Earth and global warming
The issues of global warming and greenhouse effect are controversial,. To what extend the increased level of greenhouse gases is responsible for the observed global warming phenomenon is difficult to determine. References [1] and [2] may help you learn more on these issues.

Summary

Before proceeding to discuss applications which achieve energy efficiency by reducing heat transfer, let’s click on the following animation for a summary of the microscopic processes that occur in conduction, convection and radiation.

Flash animation: Heat transfer processes

Energy transfer and energy efficiency

In everyday life, there are many things that have to be kept hot or cold. This is achieved through minimizing the three ways of energy transfer. If the rate of energy transfer is low, less energy is required to keep something hot or cold.

Vacuum flask

A vacuum flask is designed to prevent energy transfer between the content inside and its surroundings outside. With re-heating or cooling unnecessary, a vacuum flask is a convenient energy saving container.

Fig. 14 The internal structure of a vacuum flask.

Fig. 15 A thermal cooker.
Do you know how a vacuum flask is made? Take a look at the photo on the right (Fig.14). It has a double glass shell with a vacuum in between. The shell is coated with a layer of silvery reflective material. The outer casing is made of metal or plastic.

The vacuum prevents any energy transfer through conduction and convection. The silver coating reflects much of the radiation and thus radiation energy transfer is also minimized. So the contents inside a vacuum flask can be kept at a more or less constant temperature for a long time. But the vacuum flask cannot completely stop heat transfer; it can only reduce the rate of the transfer. Moreover, there is still some heat loss through the stopper at the top. Conduction also occurs along the glass shell where the inner and outer walls are connected, bypassing the vacuum.

Thermal cooker

Chinese people like slow cooking processes (e.g. stewing). People may think that when food is stewed it absorbs heat at a slow rate. In fact this is not the case. When stewing, food is kept at a constant high temperature for a long time. Since much of the heat supplied by the stove is actually lost to its surroundings, a continuous supply of heat is required.

Thermal cookers provide a convenient means to stew food in an energy efficient way. A thermal cooker consists of two main parts: a steel inner pot and an outer vacuum flask. The food is first heated as usual in the inner pot. The inner pot is then put inside the outer insulating container which is designed to reduce heat transfer as much as possible. Well-insulated from the surroundings, food inside the inner pot can be kept at a high temperature for a long time without the use of energy. A typical thermal cooker can keep the food inside above 70 oC for over 8 hours.

The following activity will help you understand more about the working principle of a thermal cooker.

Activity: Energy efficiency of a thermal cooker

Refrigerator

A refrigerator has many features which lower conduction, radiation and convection energy transfer to reduce the consumption of electrical energy.

Fig. 16 Flexible seals at the edge of a refrigerator door
Refrigerators usually have a light coloured outer surface to reflect radiation and so reduce heat entering the refrigeration compartment. The edges of a refrigerator’s doors have flexible seals to prevent cold air inside from mixing with hot air outside, thus reducing convection. The flexible seals are made of good insulating material to further reduce energy transfer through conduction. The thick walls and doors of a refrigerator are also well-insulated to reduce heat gain by conduction.

Clothes and blankets

Fig. 17 Furry clothes help keep us warm in winter.
Without suitable clothing and blankets in cold weather, we would need to consume a great deal more energy for indoor heating to keep us warm and comfortable.

Clothes and blankets are usually made of materials such as cotton, wool and down that can trap air. Since air is a poor conductor of heat, trapped air reduces heat loss through conduction from our body. The materials themselves are also poor heat conductors.

Liquids and gases are fluids. The particles in these fluids can move from place to place. Convection occurs when particles with a lot of heat energy in a liquid or gas move and take the place of particles with less heat energy. Heat energy is transferred from hot places to cooler places by convection.

Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. Convection above a hot surface occurs because hot air expands, becomes less dense, and rises (see Ideal Gas Law).

.for brave macbeth-well he that name- disbandig fortune
.nor shoke hand when bade farewell to him
.